All that glitters is not gold... For example, al-Andalus in the Golden Age.

Political

In Politics, al-Andalus was flourishing. It was a large meeting place for many countries. It was also a bureaucracy. Just like today, meeting with rulers from different countries normally meet at a capital of one of their countries. Also, the United States, and many other countries, also have bureaucracies as their type of government. Their government was not as far from ours as we thought

Economic

Economically, the country was in great shape. Inside the city, there was prosperous trade in the marketplaces. Common coinage also improved the economy. The city was full of merchants and traders from all over the Iberian Peninsula came to sell or trade their wares. Like today, we also trade, but in smaller scales. Or maybe bigger scales between countries. We also have common coinage to make the economy flow much easier. In economics, there are a few differences, but the similarities are much clearer.

Socio-Cultural

Al-Andalus’s socio-cultural side was looked upon many times. They had been a prosperous city, and they had many different religions within it. They also grew crops for food. The Abbasids were the rulers, making a connection between politics and socio-cultural. Like now, the U.S. is a prosperous city. The U.S is a mix of many cultures and different religions. We don’t have Abbasid rulers, though. Instead, we have presidents from different backgrounds.

Technological

Technologically, they had advances in mathematics, astronomy, and medicine grew. In the past, Muslim doctors had new ways to treat illnesses. They also had surgeries. They also had the number zero and had Arabic Numerals. In Astronomy, they had observatories and followed the movements of planets and stars. Now, we also have surgeries and medicine. We still use the Arabic Numerals, decimals, and definitely still use the number zero. We also have observatories to observe planets and stars.

Golden Age, Golden Dynasty?

How was al-Andalus in the Golden Age politically? When the eighth emir Abd al-Rahman III came to power in 912, al-Andalus faced many problems. Although, he was able to build a huge standing army, many of them being non-Muslim. This can be compared in today's reality. For instance, when we elect presidents, they expect to encounter many problems. So, the presidents have to find solutions to these problems. In comparison, both civilizations encountered many problems.
Nothing could have happened without al-Andalus' great economy. The city had many workshops that produced silk, leather, carpet, paper, weapons, and crystal glass. These were some essentials to daily life in the city. Right now, our economy is in a downfall, but our president expects it to have a growth. If we are able to succeed, then we can be compared to al-Andalus' economy. Although, we don't have many workshops producing products. So, both in the present day and back then had a point where economy was big.
In al-Andalus, they were big in culture. By the 900's the city had over 70 libraries, with one of the libraries' with over 400,000 books! Many Muslim scholars translated books into Latin. Today, we don't have that much as libraries as al-Andalus had. But, we do have people translating books into a foreign language. Many of these translated books are probably how to speak the foreign language. Our world compared to al-Andalus' is similar in cultural ways.
What about technology? Farmers produced rice, figs, cherries, apricots, peaches, cotton, and olives. Farmers sold their products at markets scattered throughout the city. Also, many Muslim mathematicians or doctors built on the works of earlier people. In the present-day, we have many farmers producing lots and lots of fruits and vegetables. They were also sold in the markets or fed to their individual families. We had many people building on or extending works every day, to find a new idea. Mathematics, medicine, and farming are some ways we are similar to al-Andalus.

The Super Ultra Amazing Cool Incredible Spectacular Delicious Stupendous Beautiful Nice Good P.E.S.T. Analysis Essay

The old age was affect politically because of their standing army. Al-Andalus had a standing army so that they can defend the city from invaders. Abd-al Malik had gathered and created the standing army. He was getting prepared for the invasions of the Abbasids or other Empires invading his empire. here in the United States, there is a standing army as well. If there are intruders then they will be able to take them down quick. Al-Andalus and the United States both have a standing army can fight off the invasions or defend them from war more easily then just an army that had to be gathered. Therefore, the political reason for al-Andalus's golden age was that they had a standing army.
Al-Andalus was a thriving trade center and that is the economical reason for its golden age. Al-Andalus's capital, Cordoba, was a place where many cultures gathered. For that reason, it sold many goods that cannot be found easily. Cordoba is like downtown in LA. There are people from different cultures in downtown, so there are china town, Korean town, and other towns of different cultures where there are different types of good from that culture. It can be selling things that cannot be found easily but only from place far off. Downtown and Cordoba is both a trade center that sold many goods from many different cultures. In conclusion, the economical reason for the gold age was tis capital, Cordoba being a trade center of many cultures.
The socio-cultural reason for al-Andalus's golden age is the libraries they had. Al-Andalus had about 70 libraries with about 400000 books in the largest library. there were book from other cultures that were translated as well as other cultures translated their books for knowledge. In the present day, most libraries have books from all over the world. They have Japanese, Chinese, Spanish, and many other books from different cultures. Because of these books we can learn different ideas that the other cultures have and also informations that we have never heard just by reading English books. The libraries of Cordoba and the libraries of the present are very much like.

GOLEN AGE OF AL-ANDALUS!!!!!!

The golden age of al-Andalus was very important, and political events were too. The Jews were welcomed, which was a big thing for them. They were allowed to be part of the government. The Umayyads let the Jews be free and did not persecute them. This is kind of similar to today’s reality because everyone in the U.S. is free. The president doesn’t kill people according to their religion or beliefs. Everyone in the government office aren’t all American. There are a variety of people. This is why I would classify it as the political part of the golden age, because it played a big part in government.

The golden age of al-Andalus had economic facts too. There were hundreds of workshops that made many things such as carpets, textiles, crystal glass, and more. Some of these things were taken to Europe by men traveling overland and sea. Farmers grew cotton, rice, apricots, peaches, and more. This is similar to today’s reality because you can buy almost anything with all the shops that are around. This is how it was during the golden age, workshops all around to trade almost anything. Today, people still take the time to grow fruits. During the golden age, the products helped make the cities beautiful because of the people who bought all the products. This is why it would be classified and economics in the golden age, because they prospered from all the products that were made.

The socio-cultural area of the golden age of al-Andalus was mainly caused by all the libraries. Scholars came to study the books from the libraries, and they even translated some of the books to Latin where they were studied by other people. This is similar to today’s reality because people go to the library all the time. Some people go for the quietness, so it is easier to study or read. Some people use the library as a gathering place, like for a project or just to meet up. During the golden age, the Umayyads encouraged people to come to al-Andalus, and when they did, they brought new ideas and studies. This created a big population. This is why it would be classified as socio-cultural, because the libraries were used as a gathering place, for studies and research.

The technological area of the golden age of al-Andalus would relate to all the learning. People discovered many technological things. They made instruments used to view the sky, a planetarium with models planets that moved, and they discovered ways to treat disease. These things helped the people a lot. They could visualize the sky better, and cure diseases. This is similar to today’s reality because scientists are always discovering new things. They are always researching, and finding out new things. These things help the people, such as the swine flu vaccine. This is why it would fall into the technological area, because they discovered many things that had benefits.

The Wonderous City of Cordoba!!!

In all places, the rulers wants to improve on their city in order to get successful, powerful, and well known. Abd-al Rahman had escaped the ambush commited by the Abbasids in which they were trying to kill the Umayyads and fled to Spain with hope to re-establish the Ummayad dynasty. Once Abd-al Rahman took power, he made Cordoba his capital located in Al-Andalus (Muslim Spain) With that, he made a few political changes to improve Cordoba. First of all, he built a huge standing army which is something we still have in the U.S. today. Furthermore, they also had mercenaries (soldiers paid to fight) In order to win wars and defeat other countries, they need as many soldiers as they can get, so they would have to pay some people to fight in order to keep their city or country strong. Also, Christman forces launched attacks on the northen border. This is somewhat like how thousands of troops are sent to Iraq to fight the war. They fought between both political and govermental issues. However, when Abd-al Rahman died, Cordoba was powerful place that everyone had heard of. This, of course was the first step of the path that led to their golden age.


Cordoba was truly a splendid place with a great economy. For starters, it was the largest city in Western Europe with a population of about 500,000 people which was larger that the major cities including London, Paris, and Rome. Its streets were paved, and by night, were lit by lamps. A water system fed the 900 public baths and the many fountains located around the city. Citizens could wander through dozens of beautiful gardens. Cordoba's increase of population could have been because it was so well known and many people visited the city because of its glory. Cordoba was also the center of trade which brought in lots of goods and prosperity to al-Andalus. In the marketplace, there were manylittle shops in which they sold various things from carpets to oranges. This may be compared to what we have today like the outdoor farmer's market where they sell fresh fruits, vegetables, flowers, etc. It may also be compared to the flea market where we can also get what we need with a variety of choices. Not only do they sell practically the same things, but they're also both outdoors. Just between these two economic aspects, Cordoba has becaome a prosperous city. In my opinion, al-Andalus thrived for years because many people had jobs so they had money coming in and they had wonderful trade from all over Europe.


The atmosphere of Cordoba helped develop the culture in al-Andalus. By the 900's, they had about 70 libraries in which the largest contained about 400,000 books. This was alot compared to other country's libraries with only a few hunded manuscripts. The history of libraries has grown and now even today practically everywhere around the world even here in the U.S. where it contians thousands and thousands of books depending on the size of the library. In order to have knowledge, we read books and that's what they probably did back then, as well. There are various types of books that cover everyone's interest. Scholars back then studied mathematics, astronomy, geography, philosophy, medicine, etc. Today, we have something somewhat like scholars majoring int hese subjects along with others, too. The scholars who were in those subjects embrace their greatness creating a new technique that we even use today. Jews has lived in Spain since the Roman times. Nevertheless, even when the Umayyads took power, they welcomed the Jews instead of driving them out of the city. Unlike most groups, the Umayyads were a nice one. As in all, Cordoba carried many cultures that contuine to grow today benefiting us in many different ways.


Cordoba has created many technologies to help them out. For starters, they sold many goods to people that improved trade throughout many countries. Unlike Cordoba, we don't really trade these days. If we need something,we got out to get it in either a store, shop, or marketplace instead. They also had water wheels irrigating the field. This was a good idea because then the farmers are allowed to tend their crops withougt having to strain themselves and will illiminate going back and forth to get the needed water. Now they can grow corn, potatoes, wheat, barley, fruits, vegetables, rice, etc. easier. Lastly, they had water systems to feed the 900 public baths and the many fountains around the city. Many people could have gone to the public baths for many reasons including to socialize with one another. Instead of having public baths here in the U.S. we do have public pools in which some of us goes there to get a swim as well as to socialize. These are only a few of the various technologies to help make people of the Muslim Empire's life easier as well as ours today. As you can see, the city of Cordoba expanded greatly creating a strong golden age or the people of Cordoba dn al-Andalus that lasted a long time.

The Golden Age of al-Andalus

Nicole Waldecker
Per. 2 12/11/09

Political:
What is a standing army? A standing army is a fighting force that al-Andalus had in their golden Age from the 1000’s through the 1100’s. al-Andalus conquered and prospered in a political matter. They had a fierce standing army and a powerful leader. Much like the U.S. Nation nowadays. We have the navy, air force, and the army that fights for our country in times of war and is maintained in times of peace. As did al-Andalus. Even though the two nations are on different halves of the world, we are very similar. That is how al-Andalus prospered politically.

Economic:
Wouldn’t it be OUT OF CONTROL if we all didn’t follow the same order? Common Coinage, Common language, and a bureaucracy kept the great al-Andalus from being chaotic. al-Andalus was an economically linked nation. Abd al-Malik developed all these great things for al-Andalus to be successful. Much like al-Andalus, the United States also has all these things. We have the dollar bills and the U.S. quarter, nickel, penny and dimes. The U.S. also uses the same language, English, although, some people may be bilingual, we all must know English. Every year it is a good idea to vote on your president and who will be leading your country. If we didn’t have the same money system, the same language, and an elective system we might as well have been living in a jungle because that is how WILD our society would have been. This is how al-Andalus was similar to the U.S, and how it prospered economically.

Socio-Cultural:
Isn’t it a great that everyone in America can believe in different beliefs and cultures! Al-Andalus was one of the very few nations that allowed their people to not be persecuted for being a Jew or Christian. That is how al-Andalus and America were similar culturally. We are a multi-cultural nation and are free; which the Jews and Christians were when they fled to al-Andalus. That is how al-Andalus prospered socio-culturally in their Golden Age.

Jonathon Xue
Period 2
P.E.S.T Analysis Essay
One reason why al-Andalus was in a golden age was because of their political features. Their government had a series of strong leaders that helped expand the empire and increase its strength. Abd al-Raman III is one example of these leaders. He expanded the empire and maintained peace throughout the empire. In addition, another important factor was their standing army, an army maintained during peace and war. Lastly, they formed a bureaucracy, a system of government with different departments to run the empire. All of these reasons benefited to the golden age of al-Andalus, and they are still shown today in our system of government. We have a system of a bureaucracy, strong leaders (presidents), and a standing army. All in all, politics played a large role in the golden age.
Economics also had a great impact on al-Andalus. Things such as marketing and trade made the empire prosperous. Furthermore, it brought a variety of goods into the empire’s capital, Córdoba. This is similar to all the trade occurring in our country today, with items such as clothes, tools, computers, and much more. In addition, trade brought necessary materials to the empire that they didn’t have.

Test Essay

In the golden age of Cordoba, Cordoba had a great leader known as Abd-al-Rahman III. Even at its height, Cordoba still had some problems. But the Caliph Abd-al-Rahman III stopped all internal revolts. Abd-al-Rahman also created a huge standing army. Abd-al-Rahman was kind of like FDR (Franklin Theodore Roosevelt) in world war II. Abd-al-Rahman III stopped all internal revolts on his city just like how Teddy Roosevelt stopped all attacks on America in world war II. In conclusion Abd-al-Rahman was a great leader and lead his city into a golden age for 100 years.

Cordobas golden age of Economy was very good. Cordoba had thousands of trading posts spread throughout the city. Cordoba craftsmen sold silk, leather, weapons, and etc. Farming, for being in a desert, flourished. Farmers sold produce, such as rice, cherries, peaches, and apricots. For being in a desert, where farming isn't really thought of being possible at this age, the farmers made the best out of it and really made the city prosper. Cordoba also had alot of smart people in the city, so that also contributed to the creation of silk and stronger weapons. All and all, Cordoba's economy looked very well off and looked like it would be prosperous for a long time.

Cordoba's social-cultural aspects were very good. They had a variety of differnt books from many differnt places. Cordoba had about 70 libraries and a total of about 400,000 books. Muslim scholars translated alot of the books into Latin. Muslim scholars were very smart. By being very smart they wanted to know how other countries did things so they brought books from other countries and translated them. By doing this (if Muslim scholars knew it or not) they were bringing differnt cultures into their society. Kind of like America has all these books from around the world for our people to read. All and all, Cordoba was very social-cultured thanks to all the books they read.

Cordobas technology was very advanced for there era. we today still use some of the stuff they came up with like Algebra. For instance one muslim scholar even wrote a book about all the sugeries they could preform and all the tools needed. Muslim scholars even made maps based off the technology of maps that had already been created. To conclude Cordoba created very advanced in there math (obviosly) and there medical.

This is a picture of three poeple riding to Cordoba so they can buy and trade goods.

political power, economic excellence, socio-cultural sophistication, and technological terrific...ness? In the golden age of al-Andalus!

Courtney Shin
Pd. 2-Mr. G
12/11/09

Pest Analysis of the Golden Age in Al-Andalus

The mighty political figures of al-Andalus contributed to the flourishing of the new empire. Abd al-Rahman III was the eighth emir of al-Andalus. He maintained a huge standing army to fight off internal revolts, Christian forces attacking from the north, and Muslim opponents attacking from North Africa. Abd al-Rahman successfully completed the task by putting down all rebel forces, pushing Christian forces back, and conquering parts of North Africa. This helped al-Andalus maintain its strength and brought new scholars and ideas. It is similar to our modern day world because when uproars occur in out nation, the government tries to calm down the people in order to maintain control. The United States also has a standing army, maintained during times of peace and war. Although our country does not conquer other nations and islands today, when the United States conquered states such as Alaska and Hawaii, our nation was strengthened with the new additions just as the event in which Abd al-Rahman III conquered North Africa. Thus, al-Andalus’ politics contributed to its golden age.

Al-Andalus’ prosperous economy helped gain funds for the golden age to come. There were innumerable workshops producing goods that were high in demand in Europe such as silk, carpets, leather, paper, weapons, and such. Also, the countryside right outside Cordoba, al-Andalus’ capital, flourished; harvesting cherries, figs, olives, apricots, peaches, and more! Thus, the money needed to begin a golden age of learning was provided. In our country today, we have equally innumerable types of industrial businesses such as marketing jobs, medical jobs, educational jobs, and jobs with many more variations. States where there is great farmland produce not only our nation’s food but much of the entire world’s food, starting a great world trade business. Through the taxes paid by citizens and the profit made from many different industries, funds go to help our nation’s education; just as Cordoba. Because of the great and prosperous of the great economy of Cordoba, the golden age was possible.

During the golden age, many types of cultures came to al-Andalus as scholars that provided much help and knowledge. Al-Andalus accepted the Jews instead of persecuting them. Thus, great scholars such as Maimonides contributed to the golden age. Maimonides, as well as many other Jews, was a great writer, scientist, philosopher and mathematician who wrote the revolutionary book impacting Christians and Muslims alike, the "Guide for the Perplexed." This “golden age” for the Jews resulted in a Sephardic, Spanish-Jewish, culture. In our world today, there are many people of many nationalities coming together to help our nation. If we had rejected the different types of peoples, we would have been rejecting possible growth and prosperity for our nation. At one point in history, our nation started to show strong dislike for the African-Americans. If the civil rights movement had not occured, think of how many great athletes we would have lost. But today, a Korean man is the head of United Nations. Our country gives us freedom of religion just as the Umayyads in Spain. Many cultures contributed to the golden age.

Many mathematical and scientific advances were made during the golden age. For instance, many mathematicians helped society by making calendars while astronomers and geographers mapped the sky and the earth. Doctors such as Al-Zahrawi helped improve medical skills by, in Al-Zahrawi’s case, publishing a legendary 30 volume medical encyclopedia. Currently, many intelligent scientist and doctors try to find cures for mysterious diseases and viruses. Astronomers strive to find out so much more than we already know about our vast universe. Scientists also strive to produce the highest technological devices to help make our lives more convenient. This is happening with many other main countries such as China and India also. Technology has made many peoples' lives more golden! As a result of the golden age, many technological advancements were made for al-Andalus.

A Golden Age For Cordobaaaaaaaaa

During the golden age of Corodba, its political ways prospered in many ways. THeir government gained more power and wealthy because of powerful rulers, such as Abd-al Rahman. With that, COrdoba also became powerful. It's just like the USA today. The USA (like al-Andalus) gained more and more power, and so did Washington DC, a capital city of a nation just like Cordoba. Our government also strengthened more and more, and so did our leaders, like Barack Obama and Arnnold Schwarzenegger. This golden age of Cordoba also strengthened many other things.
Because of the many skills the citizens of Cordoba had, much money was made. They made silk, copper, weapons, armor, and other makings of fine art. All kinds of people had a variety of skillls. The ways people made money is similar to the way we make money today. Many different people, such as engineers, blacksmiths, carpenters, weavers, and other jobs are much like Cordoba's people. With Cordoba's citizens and their skills, Cordoba had a rich and prosperous economy.
Cordoba also had a great way of maintaining cultural rights. They allowed people to worship freely without any restrictions. They also probably had many different places of worship, too. Cordoba had a blending of cultures because of the many different religions worshipped there. The USA also doesn't restrain people from worshipping their religions. We have many different churches: churches for Muslims, Christians, and many other cultures. With this freedom of worship and culture, Cordoba's citizens were happy with the way they lived.
Because of Cordoba's prosperous economy, their technology was very creative. At night, the streets of Cordoba was "filled with lights." They also had technological tools to help them with daily life, such as astronomical or surgical tools. The USA also has similar tools and technology. They also have streetlights that light up the streets. AS you can see, the USA and Cordoba were both similar, although the USA is having some economic difficulties these days. Cordoba's great politics, economy, culture, and technology helped it to become a great and prosperous city.

What aspect of what empire?

(new ideas)
The golden age of al-Andalus lasted from 1000 to the 1100's because the government made the land prosperous through poltics. For example, the government invited scholars from all over the world to Cordoba. Through this method, there was trade of ideas and the government gained new ways to handle difficult situations. In the United States, there is also the trading of information about new weapons and so forth. This compares to al-Andalus since in both cases, the ideas make the place more advanced in their thoughts and work. Moreover, U.S. and al-Andalus gains not only new knowledge but they both tried the new methods to bring prosperity to their people. In the end, U.S. and al-Andalus have evident similarities in political aspects.
Cordoba had an abundant amount of money and a strong economical aspect througout their golden age. In fact, not only was Cordoba but all of al-Andalus thrived. Traders came from all over the world to sell their goods, and scholars traveled to study Cordoba's vast collection of books. Moreover, in the golden age of the United States, there was also the same expierences. Many people came to sell the newest items and many scholars came to study at the many colleges. In conclusion, the golden ages were both known as joyful periods in history.
The culture of al-Andalus flourished during thier golden age. For example, there was a diverse culture since many merchants came to trade in Cordoba and all of Al-Andalus. For instance, traders traded ivory from Africa and silk from China. Not only that, but they brought new thoughts and religions. The U.S. also gains many items through trading with other countries. The U.S. and al-Andalus compares since new and exotic items are bought and traded for in both places. Moreoever we gain new ideas and culture through this exchange. In the end, the cultures of these places are very diverse. However, the U.S. and al-Andlaus are still similar.
The techolocgical aspect of al-Andalus is amazing. They knew how to do simple surgies and identify diseases. This can compare to the U.S. in many ways. For example, both the U.S. and al-Andalus pride themselves in able to do, "advanced surgeries." Moreover, even though people in al-Andalus could identify diseases such as measles, they didn't know how to cure the disease. This compares to the U.S. since there is no sure way to cure cancer. In the end, both al-Andalus and the U.S., have many technological aspects that compare.
---Allison Yoon

Cordoba's Golden Age

Political –

Since 1000, the golden age of Cordoba prospered due to its political leaders. It started with Abd al-Rahman III, who was grandson of Abd al-Rahman. He conquered land using his very own standing army, or army maintained in peace and war. Eventually, Cordoba grew in size and he called himself caliph. This is similar in today’s world where we have a standing army. The US army has its reserve and is always drafting people to the army, just like Cordoba. From the leader aspect, presidents such as FDR expanded their land through peace treaties and deals. This led to the ever so expanding empire. Overall, we can easily compare today’s political environment to the politics of the Muslim Spain.

Economical –

The golden age of Cordoba greatly prospered in their day due to their economics. Farmers and craftsmen made and produced a variety of products such as apricots, figs, leather, carpets, textiles, and more. Eventually, they would give these items to traders who haggled for money. In all, there were about 700 different trading hubs that gained money for the average trader. In today’s world, we still use these similar transactions and philosophies. We still have farmers who process and plant all of the dairy, organic, and fresh products we get today. Our craftspeople today are even more advanced than back then. Today, we have factories that make everything by machine or assembly line. Today, we can make a nice wooden sculpture in a few minutes when it took them days to carve it. Eventually, these items could be sold in the common day mall or shop which is just like the Spaniard’s trading centers. In conclusion, economics led to Cordoba being a prosperous city.

Socio-Cultural –

In today’s world, we use many aspects from the ancient Muslim Spaniards. Back then, they had libraries that housed a variety of books and manuscripts. In the largest library, the House of Wisdom, they even had 400,000 books and manuscripts, mostly made of parchment. Due to this, scholars from far away came and brought new ideas. Today, we have the same libraries, but instead of scholars, we have normal people going. Like theirs, our libraries are filled with thousands of books that can help for projects, research, or just for fun. Overall, having a large library led people to coming from far or near which helped them create their golden age.


Technological –

Finally, technology helped boost Cordoba to create its golden age. Using math, the Spaniards created maps that in turn helped determine days, months, and years. In addition, they created a 30 volume encyclopedia that gave info on every medical fact they knew. Today, we have countless amounts of books that help doctors in curing people. Today, we still use calendars. Maybe it is a different calendar, but we still use the general concept. Everyone has one, and they all use it for planning or a schedule. Overall, technological developments, led to Cordoba succeeding in its golden age.



HARRISON

pest...yay. >.<

In the 900’s, Abd Al-Rahman had conquered Córdoba and Al-Andulas. What he didn’t know was that Cordoba was about to become the most prosperous city of his time. Abd al-Rahman III faced and prevented many revolts. Christian forces attacked the border but Abd Al-Rahman III prevented them from pushing further in. He built a standing army to help fight off the attacks. Standing armies were kept in peace and in war. In my opinion, that is very efficient. The standing army is used to fight off attacks and maintain peace. Very similar to the U.S., we, too, have a standing army. The U.S. standing army has to face attacks. They also have to travel to places to fight, similar to Abd Al-Rahman’s standing army. So, even though Abd Al-Rahman and his standing army died a long time ago, this tactic still lies in the U.S. and in many countries, worldwide.

Cordoba was very wealthy due to trading and business. They worked trade with everyone around them. Farmers grew rice, figs, cotton, etc. All these led to the wealth and beauty of Cordoba. They also traded paper and silk. In the U.S., we have markets and stores where we have to buy our supplies. Some of the money goes to the government. This way, our government gains money. This is very effective for gaining wealth. Instead of the government relying on taxes, trading brought Cordoba the golden age.

In Cordoba, they had magnificent libraries in which thousands of books lay. They had 70 libraries in Cordoba, the biggest library containing about 400,000 books. Scholars eagerly read them. The books were in many different languages. After they translated the books some found their way to Europe where students there studied them. We have libraries in the U.S. too. There are many cultural books in our libraries, some which have been translated from another language into English. In this way, culture spreads to many places by the use of books. We have people that come over from other countries to study in America. By the use of books, we spread cultures worldwide.

Cordoba was very great and wealthy. Their wealth brought them riches that other cities wouldn’t have. To start, Cordoba had over 500,000 people living there. In addition, they had paved streets and lamps lit during night. In the U.S., we also have paved streets where we travel, either by foot or by vehicle. We also have street lights that help us see where we are going during night. In Cordoba, they also had fountains. This showed other cities that they had their own water source and had enough of it that they could supply water to their fountains that were scattered throughout the city. We, too, have fountains in the U.S. So even though it is almost 1000 years after them, their legacy still lives here with us, even if we aren’t aware of it.

THE pest TEST

What helped the Golden Age become the Golden Age? One thing that helped was the political part of al-Andalus. Al-Rahnman III stopped advancing Christian forces. He was smart enough to create a standing army that helped attack and stop them. There were also mercenaries who helped fight. I think that al- Rahman was very keen to make a standing army because the U.S. has a standing army too! Look how powerful we are! Al Rahman III was also very smart to pay certain people to fight (mercenaries). Obviously money goes a long way. Money can get anyone to do anything! They probably paid the mercenaries loads of money to fight hard for them. This is one way al-Andalus came to a Golden Age.

Another reason was that Cordoba’s economic system was very good. They had over 4,000 markets and many people sold different things. Traders sold porcelain paper, animals of all kinds, silk and so much more. Framers sold figs, cherries, apricots, and more. This today is like a giant, festive farmers market. To me I think the traders from everywhere would love to see the festive bazaar! This led to prosperity in their lands because everybody became so wealthy from selling such exotic things. This is like when a business starts to prosper. This is a very important point in al-Andalus’ becoming of a Golden Age.


Not only that, another reason al-Andalus came to the Golden Age is because of its socio-cultural point. There were over 70,000 libraries with over 400,000 books Many Christian scholars came a long way to study these books because many of these books were written in different languages. What library has over 400,000 books? Not the Cerritos Library! I think I would like to see these books, too! It probably had wonders of all kinds! Because of their “book smarts” al –Andalus came into the Golden Age.
♥ ◘---PEACE OUT---◘ ♥
Last, the technological point in the Golden Age was that many scholars became interested in astronomy. This many not seem like a “technological” thing, but without them, we wouldn’t have a…. Calendar!!! Many scholars built on al- Khwarizimi’s findings. From there, they created a calendar! I bet these scholars were very excited to create such a thing, wouldn’t you? It’s like when Apple© creates something new, everyone is excited. I think the scholars were also very smart to add onto al- Khwarizimi’s findings instead of starting from scratch. They have created such a remarkable creation. Because of this, Cordoba was in a Golden Age. These points are all very important in al-Andalus’ Golden Age!

A GOLDEN AGE FOR AL-ANDALUS

The city had a golden age due to the many aspects of P.E.S.T but, one was because of the marvelous leadership of al-Rahmon III and al-Rahmon I.Al-Rahmon established a standing army to asure the safety of the people in his empire.He didn't want to riskgetting overthrown by factions.This is a great strategy because we,the peole in U.S.A are safe because we to have a standing army and we are living in peace because of that.Also the cleverness of al-Rahmon I helped expand the empire, getting a higher population. He wanted to unify the poeple so that the empire could be ran smoothly. In conclusion,the city's golden age hapenned because of these two strong leaders.

This time period was very important for the Jews because this was the only place they were tolerated in.The Jews were discriminated in other places so they came to al-Andalus to be in peace and away from the suffering. The Jews couldn't live a good life because people would do bad things to them and that's why they transfered to this city.Jews were allowed to be leaders and many other things in this city and the empire was getting stronger.Jews were also doctors for the rulers and that did good because it would keep the ruler strong and healthy.Jews enjoyed how they were treated and stood in al-Andalus.
An economic center was very important for the people in order to thrive in to the golden age.This center had many things that people could buy and make money out of.Marketing is a huge part of the empire so that it can make the empire wealthy.People sold materials that were hard to get so they would make a living selling them.Without this major part of why the golden age happened,the will not be as wealthy without the marketing business.

In the cultural way,they had a library that shared other people's way of living.This library brought the people closer together by all the teaching of their culture and how they live. If the library hadn't excisted,the people wouldn't be close to one another.It helped unify the empire and people to become friends with others because there were always alot of people there.The library helped keep peace and unity to the people in the empire.The golden age had many reasons on how and why it came to this but these are just a few reasons about the golden age

A golden age for al-Andalus

During the golden age of al-Andalus its political area bcame strong. They had many strong leaders such as abd al-Rahman. Al-Andalus also had a prosperous capital city called Cordoba. The golden age for al-Andalus political area was very similar to our government. We have a strong leader named Barack Obama. Also we have a great capital city called Washington D.C. As you can see al-Andalus and america are very alike.
Al-Andlaus had a great economy during the time it was at its peak. Cordoba had many markets and sold many kinds of goods. They also traded with other people who helped their economy a lot. Their econonmy is the opposite of our econonmy. We owe people lots of money. When Cordoba had the great economy they were able to maintain power and have powerful armies to conquer other lands. The econonmy played a great role during there golden age.
The culture of al-Andalus was very free because they would let conquered lands follow their own religion. Also al-Andalus were nice to the jews too and did not exacute them. This culture is kind of like America because in America you are free. You can folow any religion you want to. Letting conquered lands do this helped al-Andalus to have control for a long time and nobody wanted to rebel. There culture did many things for them.
The technology of al-Andalus had many wonderful ideas. There was a doctor named Al-Zahrwi who created an encyclopedia. This encyclopedia taught people how to operate on someone, how to take pull teeth out, and how to take care of kids. Also there was a mathmatician who knew how to biuld an accurate calendar. The great ideas of al-Andalus were turned into better ideas as time passed. We prbaly use some of their ldeas.



http://www.lisa-travel.co.uk/sprachreisen/bilder/sprachen2009/cordoba05.jpg

cordoba flourishes

Political:

The political side of the Golden Age was successful thanks to Abdl-Malik III. He created a standing army which consisted of army which consisted of many brave warriors. A standing army is an army that is ready for almost anything at any time. Abdl-rhaman III probably created a standing army because he thought that if he were to conquer many lands and regions around the area he should have a standing army that was ready to attack a region are defend their own region from any danger. If his standing army was strong, they probably did many things to help them get ready for war and they probably they worked very hard every day of their lives. Due to his excellent standing army, Cordoba was able to stay in its golden age for very long not being attacked by the surrounding regions.

Economical:

Cordoba had at least 100-200 shop that produced leather, carpet, crystal glass and a whole bunch of other things that were vital to the lives of other regions around them. Mostly the Europeans were the ones desperate for the supplies that the Cordoba people made or produced. So the Europeans would bring what they wanted to trade to the Cordoba people would find necessary. They probably had wonderful trade and benefitted greatly from it due to the fact the fact that many of the regions around them traded with them. They might have probably came to a time when where they couldn’t produce enough products in time for the trade to happen because of the time they traded so much with the other regions around them. This should be the most prosperous tradein the history of Cordoba.

Socio Cultural:

Socio Cultural is the cultural and the learning center of the Cordoban people . Cordoba had many many libraries. it had about seventy libraries and the most books in one library exceeds the amount 70000. this shows that cordoba probably had many great and wise people. for example, they probably had many scientists and mathematicians, and scholars who studied many things that were going to be helpful to the city of Cordoba. there were about six hundred baths that were open to the public. many people would go to the public baths to wander and socialize with other people when they were tired after on day. it was also a tradition that when you entered the baths you had to wash your hands and feet. this probably meant that they had a strong religious role that played in their everyday lives. in conclusion, religion and culture played a very important role in their lives.

Technological:

in the technological ways, cordoba had or created calendars. they mastered in the subject of astronomy and mathematics. so due to the fact that they mastered in that subject, they created a thirty volume encyclopedia. today we have many ways and helpful sources that help us to cure the many diseases that occur these days. their calendars have help us keep track of days and holidays that occur in each month. this shows that they spent a lot of time with creating many new and helpful things to the city of cordoba. all in all, the city of cordoba had many wise people that helped the city flourish.

JUSTIN

JUSTIN WU

The Golden Age (P.E.S.T)

Political

Many Jews before the golden Age were not allowed into the empire. However when the Golden Age began, the rulers allowed the Jews to enter. The Jews were persecuted, and were pushed back by armies. But during the Golden Age, Jews became allowed into the empire. Here in the U.S, anyone is welcomed. But at one point in time, something did happen like the Jews. People of different race were abused and not welcomed. Hence, it was a great advance for the Jews to be able to live and do anything freely.

Economic

During the golden Age many "factories" were able to manufacture various things such as silk, and crystals. It was a great advance to the merchants because they were able to sell a great deal of profit from these items. Here in our country, we also manufacture various things also. We make things such as cloth, shoes, and many others. We both share similarities in what we manufacture with the past. Hence, many merchants became successful when the Golden Age began.

Socio-Cultural

When the Golden Age began, doctors began working very hard to develop cures and medicines for the various diseases. Doctors began to be cleaner to show that they take deep pride in their work. Therefore they can become more successful. Today, we also have cures for the many diseases we have discovered. But both countries can't cure every single disease out there. There is something called "cancer" that both cannot cure yet. But we are making progress. Hence, both are successful in various ways when working hard on treatments that can cure.

Technological

Many scholars developed many different tools to study astronomy. They developed a table to show the location of the sun. they have also made others to show the planets or stars. As they have those tools, we also have ours. Even though we don't use tables, but we sometimes use a sun-dial. But to really see the planets, we use a telescope.All in all, both nations use various objects to find what they are looking for.

Conclusion

As you can see, the Golden Age was a period that helped many people living in the empire. It was a time of success and happiness, and many people were content.

Jennifer Poh

Per. 2

A golden age for al-Andalus

The 1000's and 1100's were a golden age for al-Andalus in the aspect of politics. The reason they had a golden age in politics is that they could easily communicate with the citizens. To communicate they used common language and common coinage. Being able to communicate helped the buerocracy This is similar to the way things are today because we still use a common language and common coinage. Now, we use English instead of Arabic and bills instead of coins. To conclude, I think the 1000's and 1100's were a golden age in the area of politics because they could easily communicate with the citizens and had a buerocracy to carry out orders given by the person with the highest authority.

The 1000's and 1100's were also a golden age for al-Andalus in their economy. They were flourishing because Córdoba the largest city in Western Europe so many people from far away went there to trade their goods . at the market they sold goods from all over the region. This is similar to today's reality because we still go to big market (most commonly referred to as malls). Malls sell things from all over the area and several people go there to buy and sell things. In conclusion i think that the 1000's and 1100's were a golden age for al-Andalus in the aspect of economics because they traded from all over the region bringing money into the empire and and offering jobs,

The 1000's and 1100's were also a golden age for al-Andalus in the area of social-culture. It was a golden age because Córdoba was a major learning and culture center. Also since there were lots of people from many places there were many different cultures in that region. This is similar to today because we still have centers made for learning and several people are still living here so they all share their cultures with each other. To conclude, the 1000's and 1100's were a part of the golden age fro al-Andalus in the area of social-culture because of the great learning centers and all the people with many different cultures.

Finally, the 1000's and 1100's were a golden age for al-Andalus in the area of technology because the people there were very advanced in their knowledge. For example, there were a few people who wrote encyclopedias of their knowledge which helped add to other studies. This is similar to today because people still record what they know in books and these books help expand the knowledge of other people. In conclusion, I think that the 1000's and 1100's were a golden age for al-Andalud in the aspect of technology because they had advanced knowledge.

THe AMAZING! city of wonders....(drumroll please) named Cordoba!!!

♥Kaili Hamada♪
✿December 11, 2009❃
History pest Analysis Essay

> In all places, having a strong grip over a place is an important part of helping it becoming powerful and successful. Al-Andulus (Muslim Spain) was created by Abd al-Rahman, and its capital was named Cordoba. Another very important leader during al-Andulus’s golden age was named Abd al-Rahman III. In Muslim/Arabic empires, nations, or states, leaders were also called caliphs. The political aspects of al-Andulus compare to the politics of today because of how the leaders and their helpers had maintained control over the area, like how our presidents and governors in America make sure that everything is going the way it should be. Our politics of today and then are also alike because of how leaders pick strong capitals for their nations, so that they will be successful. Also, by having their standing army with mercenaries, they had better control overt their land and helped them pay attention to what was going on with conflicts, just how armies in America work today! Having a powerful government always impacts an area greatly, because without it, the empire, nation of state will collapse.

The wealth of a place always effects how successful it will be. Without money, it will be very difficult to provide jobs, food, and clothes to your citizens. When a state has no money, it will not have strong military forces. Then, they will not be able t o expand their land (they will stop getting income and riches) and they will not be able to protect themselves from raids and outside attacks. In al-Andulus, they were wealthy and profited through trading. Cordoba became a center of trade because of its new found prosperity, which led to the golden age of al-Andulus. They had thriving trade because of their products that were wanted in Europe. Success in farming also helped al-Andulus’ economy, and with all of the people who were migrating to Cordoba, it was easier to employ people with jobs. The more people you had working on a certain thing, the faster the job got done, which helped making surplus’ to sell to others. In my opinion, the economy of then and today compare because of thriving trade and sales. Having money and success made al-Andulus thrive for years.

All places have different cultures and religions, according to the type of people who live there. Cordoba was more or less a cultural center for the Muslim world. The city of Cordoba itself had 70 libraries, containing 400,000 books total. Some of those books were in different languages such as Latin which scholars studied and spread the languages throughout their Muslim Empire. The spread of the cultures and religions was basically a welcome to peoples of other religions and cultures to come to al-Andulus. As more people came to al-Andulus, the state’s trade and economy soared as well as its technological advancements and so on. Like America today, Cordoba was a great cultural center because of their tolerant ways, and because people felt welcome here and there. Cordoba was very successful for many reasons, and one of the more important ones, how there were a variety of cultures centered in the city.

Being ahead of your time by means of technology is an important part of being a successful nation, state, or empire. Al- Andulus made life pleasant and likeable because they other had paved roads, lighting by means of lamps, public baths, fountains, and beautiful gardens. By being more advanced technologically than civilizations of your time helps to attract people to live in your city, or civilization and not other places. By being a city of wonders, people from not only the Muslim world knew about Cordoba, but also citizens of Europe as well knew of Cordoba. As more people were enthralled by the magnificent city of Cordoba, the city expanded and became even more successful. Similar to America today, Cordoba was ahead of their time and that made al-Andulus successful, like how America is prosperous today as well.
To conclude, all of the aspects of the Muslim settlement of al-Andulus helped to make it successful. Being: politically strong, technologically advanced, culturally diverse, and economically strong makes a society welcoming and thriving. People would rather live in a successful state, nation, or city than being part of a weak and un-tolerant area.

Al-Andalus' Golden Age!!!

Cordoba, the capital of Al-Andalus, a city of wonders, an economic and cultural center. This large city, flourishing with political, economic, socio-cultural, and technological aspects, was the main reason why Al-Andalus had a golden age.

During the reign of Abd Al-Rahman III, a very strong leader, Al-Andalus had reached a great height. Different groups started attacking, but Abd Al-Rahman was determined to fight against them and put down all revolts. So, he built a standing army, which was an army maintained in peace and war. In the army, there were mercenaries, which were soldiers paid to fight. This showed that Abd Al-Rahman III was very determined to strengthen and defend Al-Andalus. Having a standing army was an important contribution in the golden age because it allowed the citizens of Al-Andalus to feel safe. Therefore, it could thrive without worry of invasion and conquer. Today, the US as well as many other countries have standing armies for the same reason: to defend their country and protect it from terrorists and invasion. A standing army was also important because it was always ready and prepared for war and battle, so if something unexpected happened, the army could quickly be in their positions. Because of this army, Al-Andalus was very safe and could prosper with no fear.

Because of its economy, Al-Andalus grew and prospered. Cordoba had many workshops which produced many items people needed, such as leather and paper. The people could therefore sell and trade these items. Farming went well. Farmers grew many fruits and vegetables, such as figs and olives, which were sold in markets all over the city. The city became wealthier with all the trade and marketing, which allowed them to make improvements to the city. It was important for Cordoba to have a good economy and be rich, because it allowed them to have a happier, simpler life. For example, streets could be paved and buildings could be built. Today, wealth is important as well. For example, Cerritos is a pretty rich city because of its auto square, mall, and town center. The economy allows this city to be wealthy, so buildings could be made, such as the great Cerritos Library and parks. The greater the city, the more people want to come and live there. Because of Al-Andalus’ great economy, it was able to go through a golden age.

Culture was flourishing in Al-Andalus. Cordoba was a major center for learning, because of the many libraries there. Many libraries meant many books, which meant lots of studying. Many people went to Cordoba to study, bringing their own different cultures, ideas, and knowledge with them. Because of the many varieties of culture and ideas brought by the people arriving at the city, Cordoba became one of the world’s greatest cities, adding to the golden age of Al-Andalus. Today, many people come to the US because it is such a great country. It is a safe, free, wealthy, and it’s a great place for education as well. People are attracted by this and want to come to the USA, like many arrived at Al-Andalus. Along with the people coming to the US are their different cultures, ideas, and knowledge. People from all over the world come to the USA, bringing their different ideas and further improving the country, like Al-Andalus. Many different cultures and ideas are shared, making the US a more interesting and great place to be in, because everyone is welcomed.

Lastly, technological aspects led Al-Andalus to a golden age. In Cordoba, there were many advances in technology, and new discoveries were made. For example, using mathematics, people were able to make accurate calendars. Also, planets and their locations were discovered and maps were made. Doctors wrote books about doctor-patient relationships as well as cures for diseases, surgery, teeth replacement, and raising children. All these new discoveries were important because it led to a more advanced city. For example calendars were important because it was easier to arrange dates. Maps were important because they helped people find their way. Books were important reference books for many generations onward. All these ideas and discoveries made Cordoba advanced and knowledgeable. Today in the USA, new discoveries are made every day, and it’s important because they lead to a more advanced country. People can live an easier life, and people can use these discoveries and technology to solve problems and produce items that will improve the lifestyle of people. Technology was important to Al-Andalus’ golden age.

These political, economical, socio-cultural, and technological elements led Al-Andalus to a wonderful golden age, making it a fabulous place to live at that time

a peaceful period....at last

The Golden Age occurred during 1000-1100 AD and was centered mainly around Al-Andalus's capital city, Cordoba. The Golden Age of Cordoba was Cordoba at its best. Citizens were at peace and the city flourished in political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, and environmental aspects. Cordoba's golden age added to its increasing fame and prosperity and was the city's most peaceful period.

The Golden Age in Cordoba was a prosperous time, but also a hard time for political leaders. The leader at that time was Abd al-Rahman III. During his reign, many small groups of people, factions, and the artisan s attacked as a signal of opposition. Abd al-Rahman’s rule was very similar to President Bush’s rule in the United States or even the British rule in India, back in the old days. President Bush was greatly opposed by Americans (such as my dad) when for his attack on Iraq and the war that has been going on ever since. The British were and are opposed by many Indians because of their harsh rule. The Golden Age of Cordoba was a happy time for citizens, but many political leaders had their own troubles of ruling and keeping their land.

During the golden age, Cordoba flourished greatly in economics. They had a vast number of shops and markets. These markets included products such as silk, spices, and clothing. Cordoba’s marketplaces were actually very similar to today’s bazaars (India) or flea markets. The shops might have also influenced modern-day malls. These “stores” were all close together in the middle of the city and carried mostly all the products that were needed. The economic side of Cordoba was very successful as were many other parts of this huge city.

As well as many others, Cordoba had many socio-cultural features. Al Andalus was a very scholarly country. Many educated people worked and made a living there. Among these scholars, there were amny people of other religions such as Jewish or Christian people. Cordoba's scholars had a lot to work with as do many of today's researchers, scientists, etc. The information that bookd now and back then are filled with information about various topics because of so many religions joining their thoughts and opinions. Th result of these religions mixing and cooperating gives us a whole new world of books and information to work with. Cordoba's religious acceptance spread around the world and now many countries around the world are multi cultural. Cordoba's golden age was golden for many people and benefited not only Muslims, but also Jews and Christians.

Finally, Cordoba and Al Andalus were very educated, therefore they came up with many discoveries. For instance, they made up a system of how to use the calendar. They also built on using algebra. Scholars also made(or tried to make) many maps and studied the stars and the art of astronomy. Today's doctors and scientists are also making similar discoveries. The discoveries that are made nowadays may not be in the same subjects as before, but they have the same cause. This cause is to help people understand the significance and importance pf their studies. Cordoba was also very successful in forming. Their farmland flourished in many ways. Through this, they were able to create ripe and great-tasting crops. Today's farmers may not be as practiced as farmers in the olden days, but they are still good. Modern day farmers provide us with the food we need and much more. Without Cordoba's and many other empires' insructions, we might have never learned how to farm. All in all, Cordoba's Golden Age was not only prosperous for them, but also for modern day society.

The Golden Age of Cordoba led to many great discoveries about various things. Even though there were some political problems, trading, religion, technology, and farming were blooming. Cordoba has taught us a lot and we should be thankful to have access to most of the knowledge.

A NICE GOLDEN AGE... =)

The Ummayads experienced a golden age between the years 1000, and 1100. This is partly because of the Ummayad's political stands. For example, the Ummayads set up a standing army to easily, and quickly put down any problems. This is much like the way the U.S has a standing army. Also, seeing how most of the countries in the world have a standing army, it is probably a good way to help defenses and securities. Beside having a standing army, the Ummayads were tolerant of other people such as Jews. This is like how the U.S is tolerant of other races and religions, and thus has many different things to trade, and has many different ideas to think about . So, the Ummayad's standing army and their tolerance for people helped their politics to be successful.

The Ummayad's economy also flourished. They had many markets in which to trade many things such as silk, weapons, and other goods. The variety of goods to trade shows how many different cultures and ideas were traded making a successful economy. It also supports the statement, "the more the merrier!" It also shows how there were many people who could specialize in their line of work. Also, since the goods were in such great demand, it shows that the workers were so successful that they could have so much in surplus. As you can see, Economy was also a key part in Al-Andalus's golden age.

Another part of Al-Andalus's golden age was its socio-cultural ways. For example, Al-Andalus had one of the biggest libraries in its time. This showed how many scholors had a strong drive to learn more and more. Also, the Umayyads' tolerance helped too. The Jews expanded the people's perspective and also shared ideas. In fact, they also helped to run the government.

Finally, the Umayyad's technological advances helped to send Al-Andalus to their golden age. One thing

they came out with was the calendar.thsi shows how the people knew the importance of timeing and wanted to be accurate of the time they plant crops or do other things. They also made many advances in medicince showing that they wanted to be strong and healthy. As you can see, these technological advances helped to put Al-Andalus into a golden age.

GOLD!!! NOT IN CALIFORNIA!!! BUT IN AL-ANDALUS!!!

The Golden Age of Al-Andalus

Al-Rahman first fled to al-Andalus, also known as Muslim Spain, around the 1000s. He was escaping the assassination of the whole Umayyad family. During his time there, he noticed and reunited the different groups of Muslim Spain. And then, not only did he still have followers of the Umayyads, but these groups of people also followed him as well. During this time, he proclaimed himself emir of al-Andalus and made Cordoba the capital. Afterward, Muslim Spain prospered and grew tremendously to the point of surpassing Baghdad. Having lost his entire family but still living on to rule the most advanced city for a great time, al-Rahman is one of the greatest people known in Muslim history.

Al-Andalus flourished quickly early on. Merchants from all around the world went to trade there as Muslim merchants left there to trade elsewhere. Now, al-Andalus became very prosperous, wealthy, and diverse in cultural goods as America is diverse in culture and people, today. The people of Muslim Spain eventually made the land fertile using a watering system and, later, traded food as well. Therefore, benefiting al-Andalus even further; al-Andalus was far from financially troubled.

Cordoba, like Baghdad, became a street of diverse culture. With merchants bargaining and clinking money all day, many goods were traded in and out of Cordoba. America is also known for its diversity. Here, we have people from all over the world with different traditions and beliefs brought in with them. In fact, the whole world is made of different but similar cultures and people. This is what makes us humans entirely unique, no one person is exactly the same as another. And without these differences, our world would all be the same, as well as boring.

Muslim Spain gradually exceeded Baghdad academically as well. Many people had flocked in, and many of those people became great contributors to the knowledge of Cordoba. Al-Zhawri was a famous doctor that invented many things in the medical world, such as surgical tools. But Cordoba also thrived in art, literature, mathematics, and astronomy. Cordoba eventually collected thousands of books in many languages while Baghdad only had hundreds. These were the first libraries of time, and now they can be found all over the planet. We borrow, read, and study books; libaries are a great help for us to learn.

-mn